26. Tom notices that he is a lot more short of breath after he finishes a 200 meter sprint than when he jogs for 3 miles He is confused because he feels as if he should feel more tired when he runs for a much longer distance. Explain to him why it makes sense that he is indeed more short of breath after running a sprint than jogging. Make sure to explain it using your scientific knowledge of cellular respiration.
Tom is more out of breath because during cellular respiration you need oxygen to go through every step and create ATP for energy. During a quick sprint you're pushing your body to it's full extent and you need more oxygen because you need more energy. When you jog for 3 miles you're pacing yourself so you breath at a steady rate as opposed to sparatically during a sprint. During a jog your body uses less energy and is more likely to complete cellular respiration. Sprinting is an anareobic exercise so you're body is not using the oxygen your muscles need and not going through the Krebs cycle, but a steady jog is an areobic exercise that completes the Krebs cycle and allows the body to get enough oxygen for your cells.
27. A scientist isolates mitochondria from human cells and places them in an acid solution. The acid penetrates the intermembranous space of the mitochondria. The scientist then notices that the mitochondria start making ATP despite the fact that he is not providing any glucose for them. How is it possible that the mitcohondriaare still making ATP? (Think back to what an acid is, what it releases when placed in a soltuion and why this would m ake the mitochondria synthesize ATP)
An acid releases H+ ions, and glucose is used naturally to put H+ in the intermembranous space. The acid is accumulating in intermembranous space and is diffusing though the ATP synthase creating ATP because it begins to move from a high concentration to a low one which is located inside the matrix of the mitochondria. Glucose is used to accumulate all the H+ so the acid is basically taking the place of glucose and tricking the cell.
28.Genetic testing reveals that baby Helen has a defective gene that rersults in the defective production of one of the proteins in the electron transport chain. Becacuse of faulty instructions in her DNA, one of the proteins in her ETC is misshapen, and therefore it cannot perform its function as efficiently. Baby Helen is "failing to thrive" as she is having a hard time gaining weight and reaching developmental milestones. Using your knowledge of the ETC and its role in making ATP, explain why you think baby Helen is having the problems described above.
Helen has problems because her ETC is damaged and can't do its job quickly enough without one of the proteins. This is slowing down the chain and making it have to "stretch" and is slowing down the whole producation process. She is basically losing energy because she doesn't make enough ATP. This disfunctional chain messes with her developmental patterns and she can't gain weight because she can't process food regularly and use food energy to her own benefit.
29. Compare the basic transformation of energy during photosynthesis and cellular respiration.
Energy is transformed during photosynthesis from sunlight+water+carbon dioxide to oxygen and glucose. During cellular respiration you take that oxygen and glucose and you make ATP which puts out products of water and carbon dioxide as well.
30.Describe the role of ATP in biochemical reactions. What is ATP used for in your cells? How do your cells get energy out of a molecule of ATP? How is ATP recharged?
ATP is used for energy. To make energy you break the bond between the last two consecutive photophates which turns the molecule to ADP and 1 P. (Energy is stored in the bonds) To recharge it you combine the ADP and the 1 P to form ATP again and this happens over and over in a cycle.
- Tom is more out of breath because during cellular respiration you need oxygen to go through every step and create ATP for energy. During a quick sprint you're pushing your body to it's full extent and you need more oxygen because you need more energy. When you jog for 3 miles you're pacing yourself so you breath at a steady rate as opposed to sparatically during a sprint. During a jog your body uses less energy and is more likely to complete cellular respiration. Sprinting is an anareobic exercise so you're body is not using the oxygen your muscles need and not going through the Krebs cycle, but a steady jog is an areobic exercise that completes the Krebs cycle and allows the body to get enough oxygen for your cells.
27. A scientist isolates mitochondria from human cells and places them in an acid solution. The acid penetrates the intermembranous space of the mitochondria. The scientist then notices that the mitochondria start making ATP despite the fact that he is not providing any glucose for them. How is it possible that the mitcohondriaare still making ATP? (Think back to what an acid is, what it releases when placed in a soltuion and why this would m ake the mitochondria synthesize ATP)
- An acid releases H+ ions, and glucose is used naturally to put H+ in the intermembranous space. The acid is accumulating in intermembranous space and is diffusing though the ATP synthase creating ATP because it begins to move from a high concentration to a low one which is located inside the matrix of the mitochondria. Glucose is used to accumulate all the H+ so the acid is basically taking the place of glucose and tricking the cell.
28.Genetic testing reveals that baby Helen has a defective gene that rersults in the defective production of one of the proteins in the electron transport chain. Becacuse of faulty instructions in her DNA, one of the proteins in her ETC is misshapen, and therefore it cannot perform its function as efficiently. Baby Helen is "failing to thrive" as she is having a hard time gaining weight and reaching developmental milestones. Using your knowledge of the ETC and its role in making ATP, explain why you think baby Helen is having the problems described above.
- Helen has problems because her ETC is damaged and can't do its job quickly enough without one of the proteins. This is slowing down the chain and making it have to "stretch" and is slowing down the whole producation process. She is basically losing energy because she doesn't make enough ATP. This disfunctional chain messes with her developmental patterns and she can't gain weight because she can't process food regularly and use food energy to her own benefit.
29. Compare the basic transformation of energy during photosynthesis and cellular respiration.
30.Describe the role of ATP in biochemical reactions. What is ATP used for in your cells? How do your cells get energy out of a molecule of ATP? How is ATP recharged?
- ATP is used for energy. To make energy you break the bond between the last two consecutive photophates which turns the molecule to ADP and 1 P. (Energy is stored in the bonds) To recharge it you combine the ADP and the 1 P to form ATP again and this happens over and over in a cycle.